In
their new book Winner-Take-All
Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer and Turned Its Back
on the Middle Class, political scientists Jacob Hacker and Paul
Pierson demonstrate that America’s runaway inequality wasn’t
caused by impersonal economic forces, but by a political system that
has been hijacked by the super-rich.
Pierson, a professor of political science at the University of California
Berkeley, spoke in Portland Nov. 30. The Labor Press spoke with
him by phone.
NORTHWEST LABOR PRESS: Every year the statistics get more
shocking on how rich the truly rich are becoming in America.
PAUL PIERSON: If you look at the top tenth of 1 percent —
one household out of a thousand — their share of the national
income has almost quintupled over the last 30 years, to the point
where one of every 12 dollars of national income goes to the top
one in a thousand households.
Who are these people, and are they like the rest of us?
Well, their average incomes are $7 million a year. People who want
to defend this trend will say these are Hollywood stars or athletes
or big media personalities. But it turns out that only about 3 percent
of them fall into the broad entertainment category. Most [59.2 percent]
are either executives and people involved in the financial industries
— basically Wall Street and CEOs.
You frame your book as a crime drama, calling the growing
inequality of incomes “one of the greatest economic crimes
of our time.”
We wanted to get people to think of this as a puzzle. Because —
to the extent that people have paid attention to economic inequality
at all in the mainstream press — they mostly have talked about
it as if it were this inevitable thing, the result of globalization
or changes in technology. But other very rich democracies use all
the same technology that we do, and are at least as exposed to international
trade as we are, and don’t see the same explosion of top-end
inequality.
America used to be much more equal.
What we call “Broadland” early on in the book [basically
America from 1945 to 1975] was not an egalitarian society, just
one where opportunity was pretty widespread, and where, as the economy
improved, everybody shared to some extent in that economic growth.
That world died in the United States. But it didn’t just die
of old age. Actions were taken [by the government] that helped produce
this result.
What kind of actions?
The tax system became much, much more favorable for people at the
very top. In the 1960s people at the very top of income distribution,
the total tax they actually pay to the federal government was something
like 60 percent. Now they pay about 30. And this has happened at
the same time that their incomes are exploding. But government also
helps to set the rules that dictate what that initial distribution
of rewards looks like. There are no “natural” markets
that exist before you start having laws and regulations. And sometimes
the government is involved just by not doing anything while the
economy changes, something we call “drift” in the book.
The economy changes in ways that make the rules increasingly out
of date.
Can you give an example?
Take financial regulation. When the original model of financial
regulation was drawn together, nobody had ever heard of derivatives.
So the question was, “Is Washington going to do anything about
the development of this new formidable financial technology?”
And the answer was, “no.” There were key people in Washington
who identified [derivatives] as a substantial development in finance,
who tried to do something about it. And they were pushed back. Financial
interests mobilized aggressively to make sure they didn’t
do anything about it.
In your book, you date the political change not to the
election of Ronald Reagan, as most people would assume, but to the
Jimmy Carter presidency. What happened to American politics in the
late ‘70s?
In the book, we stress that politics is not just about elections.
It’s really about what we call “organized combat.”
When it comes to public policy, being organized is tremendously
important: to be able to bring resources to bear on policymakers,
to monitor what’s going on, to know what’s at stake
and be able to reward or punish politicians if they don’t
respond favorably.
So it’s not just who’s voting but who’s
watching?
Exactly. And for voters it’s very hard to monitor and know
who to hold accountable for policies, or even to know what the policies
are. In the 1970s, there was a huge shift in the balance of organized
power in Washington. Business mobilized intensively, partially in
reaction to some of the victories of liberals in the late ‘60s
and early ‘70s, like expanded regulation on the environment,
consumer protection, occupational safety. One of the things we note
that makes you think elections are not the whole story is that Washington
becomes more liberal in the early 1970s even with a Republican [Nixon]
in the White House, and then more conservative in the late ‘70s,
even with a Democrat [Carter] in the White House and Democratic
majorities in Congress. Sometimes what matters in Washington is
not the laws that get passed but the laws that don’t get passed.
So much of what happens in Washington is driven by organized pressure,
and business became more organized at the same time that unions
were declining. Unions are the only organized presence that is really
focused on the economic concerns of a broad spectrum of Americans.
People nowadays often see unions as a narrow interest representing
just the members. But the truth is that the middle class and working
class broadly have a huge stake in having strong groups that focus
on lunch pail issues.
Are we more unequal now than ever before in our history?
Well we don’t have good data for the 19th century, but most
people who look at it think we weren’t generating the kinds
of wealth in the 19th century that could produce this kind of inequality.
You’d have to look at 19th century Latin America, where you
had a handful of property owners, to find this kind of income distribution.
But we do have good numbers for the 20th century, and what we find
is the peak years [for economic inequality] are 1928 and 2007.
Your book raises some uncomfortable questions. We like
to think of the American political system as democratic, yet it’s
not reflecting the preference of the majority on this issue. What
will it take to reverse this?
A lot of people see this as a deeply pessimistic book, but we don’t
see it that way. The pessimists are the ones who say, “We
just have to get used to this. This is part of the global economy.
We can try to soften it around the edges by improving education
or whatever.” Henry Paulson, when he was Secretary of the
Treasury under Bush, acknowledged that inequality is a problem,
but said it’s simply an economic reality and there’s
no point in blaming either political party. What we’re saying
is that it’s not simply an economic reality. It’s something
that was created to a very substantial extent through politics.
And that means if you can fix the politics, you can actually move
toward a system that is much less skewed in the way it distributes
rewards. Now how you fix the political system … that is a
challenge. We make some effort in this book to remind people of
the importance of organization on economic issues. Obviously this
means unions. Anything that can be done that strengthens unions,
that’s going to be a positive step from our perspective.
So is it fair to say it might not happen if we organize,
but it won’t happen if we don’t?
Yes. We don’t see the Democrats and Republicans as being identical
on this. We spend a lot of time talking about the political parties
and how they’ve both been affected by the changing organizational
balance in society but we don’t think they’ve been affected
in the same way. So it matters who wins these elections, but it’s
not enough to have Democratic majorities if you have powerful sources
of obstruction and don’t have enough organized pressure pushing
to confront these issues.
